Understanding Sunburn: Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention

While enjoying the sun can have physical and emotional benefits, it also increases the risk of sunburn. Protecting your skin by using sunscreen, wearing proper clothing, and being aware of UV exposure is essential to maintaining long-term skin health.

In this article, we’ll explore what sunburns are, how to recognize their severity, treatment options, and proven strategies for prevention.

What is a Sunburn?

A sunburn is a form of acute skin damage caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or artificial sources such as tanning beds. When skin cells absorb excessive UV radiation, inflammation and DNA damage can be triggered, resulting in visible redness, discomfort, and sometimes more serious symptoms. Any outdoor activity—whether swimming, gardening, walking the dog, or attending a sporting event—can lead to sunburn if appropriate protection isn’t used.

Degrees of Sunburn: First vs. Second Degree

Sunburns are classified similarly to other types of burns and are generally categorized as first or second degree based on the depth and severity of skin damage.

First-Degree Sunburn

This is the most common form of sunburn and affects only the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). Symptoms include redness, mild swelling, tenderness, and a warm sensation. While uncomfortable, first-degree sunburns typically heal within a few days without medical intervention.

Second-Degree Sunburn

A second-degree sunburn extends deeper into the dermis (middle layer of the skin). It is more painful and often results in blistering, pronounced swelling, and increased sensitivity. Healing can take several weeks, and in severe cases, may require medical evaluation to prevent complications such as infection or scarring.

Recognizing Sunburn Symptoms

While redness and discomfort are common indicators of sunburn, additional symptoms may include:

• Peeling or flaking skin

• Itching or burning sensation

• Localized swelling or tightness

• Skin that feels hot to the touch

In more serious cases—typically related to second-degree sunburn—individuals may experience:

• High fever

• Nausea or confusion

• Signs of dehydration (e.g., dry mouth, dizziness)

• Infected blisters or open wounds

If you experience any of these more severe symptoms, Revere Health strongly recommends seeking medical attention.

How to Treat Sunburns Effectively

Most mild sunburns improve on their own with time, but supportive care can reduce symptoms and promote faster healing. Recommended sunburn treatments include:

• Cool compresses or showers to soothe the skin

• Aloe vera gel or fragrance-free moisturizers to hydrate and calm inflammation

• Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen to reduce discomfort and inflammation

• Hydration, as sunburn increases fluid loss through the skin

• Avoiding further sun exposure to prevent additional damage during the healing process

Avoid breaking blisters or peeling skin, as this can increase the risk of infection.

Prevention: The Best Sunburn Strategy

Preventing sunburn is far more effective than treating it. A few proactive steps can significantly reduce your risk of UV-related skin damage.

1. Use Sunscreen Daily

Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher. Apply generously to all exposed skin, and reapply every two hours or after swimming or sweating. Individuals with lighter skin tones, or those with a history of skin cancer, may benefit from SPF 50 or higher.

2. Wear Protective Clothing

Hats with wide brims offer superior protection for the face, neck, and ears compared to standard baseball caps. Lightweight, long-sleeved shirts and pants made from tightly woven fabrics can also help block UV rays.

3. Protect Your Eyes

UV radiation can damage the eyes and increase the risk of cataracts and other eye diseases. Wear sunglasses that block 100% of UVA and UVB rays and fit comfortably for prolonged outdoor use.

4. Monitor the UV Index

Check your local weather forecast for the daily UV index. A higher UV index indicates a greater risk for skin damage. Sun protection is especially important between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when UV radiation is at its peak. You can get sunburned even on cloudy days or in cooler seasons.

When to See a Dermatologist

Routine skin care and sun protection are essential to long-term health. If you experience frequent sunburns, have concerns about unusual skin changes, or need guidance on selecting the right products for your skin type, consult with a board-certified dermatologist. They can help assess your individual risk factors and recommend a personalized sun safety plan. Sunburn may seem like a temporary inconvenience, but repeated overexposure can cause premature aging, permanent skin damage, and increase your risk for skin cancer—including melanoma. With the right knowledge and preventative habits, you can enjoy time outdoors while keeping your skin protected and healthy.

Revere Health is committed to supporting your wellness through education, prevention, and expert care. If you have concerns about sun exposure or skin health, don’t hesitate to schedule a consultation with one of our Dermatology providers.